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7) Information System. Insights and Definitions. Federated DBS, DataMart, DSS, dashboard, dashboards ... the more you have, and so forth!

A Information System is a set of structured documents produced and used by a business and management processes who treat them. Given the rapid pace of contemporary times companies must be able to respond to problems / needs / imprevisti..ai simple and countless changes in the market, with alacrity, and this is possible if the company is provided with an information system able to process information in real time. How does Wikipedia summarizes the information system is the " nervous system of the same" at the base of which there are data, information and processes to manage them. When we talk instead of computer technology and automation, computers and electronic data transmission procedures .. it is called computer system.

The information system consists of: a part of the computerized information system called the company and of a non-automated (front and telephone conversations, the paper-structured and unstructured, the business organization, the practice, practice decision). The components (whether computerized or not) of an information system can be divided into two categories according to their purposes:

- support of operational . Archive, processing and management information for the conduct of everyday life.
- decision support. The management, production and storage needed to support managers in the strategic choices. The SIA is the set of tools to manage an automated information organization. E 'consists of: Applicazionali Transactional: These are the computer systems and procedures support the daily operational activities. Decision Support System (DSS), systems and computer procedures to support the strategic choices of managers. This category includes applications of static reports, applications, data warehousing and data mining applications.
Although the gaming information is independent of its automation, its computer system used almost always use one or more databases for storing and finding information, and special software for the integration and management of these .
DATABASE: Stock structured in such a way as to allow access and management of data by specific software applications dedicated to them. The database is a collection of information, data that are divided by subject in order logical (tables) and then these topics are divided into categories (fields).
Concept related to this concept is to federated database that could be defined as a meta DBMS (software system that enables the creation and efficient management of data in a database) that integrates different and autonomous databases in a single federated database . These databases are linked together through a network of computers. Federated database systems provide a user interface front-end (network interface on which a service is delivered and stating user access) which allows you to store and retrieve data are not contiguous with a single database query, broken down into sub-queries to go to heterogeneous database query.
The use of new and Enterprisewide Systems such as ERP (integrated management of all internal resources), CRM (manages relationships with clients), SCM (operates in an integrated and process-oriented supply , production, delivery of products and customer service) .. that allow the normalization of the data, avoiding duplication and inconsistencies of these, providing an overview of the unique, distinguished systems for managing transactional (OLTP = Online Transaction Processing) and data analysis (OLAP = OnLine Analytical Processing) ..

Of DataMart has already been discussed, but it takes nde r and the concept in a post on the information system seems almost obligatory. Briefly define a DataMart is a DataWarehouse small that specializes in a well-defined area of \u200b\u200bactivity (ie data marts for marketing that enable the analysis of clients). It 'a collector of data and information about a particular subject and allows you to formulate strategies through the analysis of data and trends from the past. Usually part of a DataWarehouse most complete and comprehensive and therefore we say, a logical and physical subset of this. A
DSS or Decision Support System, is a support system decision-making. It is part of the information system and not just one computer, as it is not only a computer application contains tools but smart business. Its objective is to increase the effectiveness of business decisions. E 'created to help identify and select relevant information from unstructured information (from documents, from personal knowledge and experiential, contracts ..) so as to provide them with economic value, transformed into knowledge. This category includes applications of static reports, applications, data warehousing and data mining applications.

A Digital Dashboard is a gaming information Executive simple and easy to read, providing the information necessary to "lead" the business. It 's designed to monitor flow of business processes, making it possible to keep an eye on the contribution of the various services to measure how you are performing a specific task, such as going to a department or how it moves to the global organization , providing a "snapshot" of performance. The main dashboards hours on the market there are stand alone applications (operating system, program, or video game device that can operate independently and therefore does not require the normal installation to be started), based applications web browser (all web-based distributed applications. Es: Wikipidia) and desktop widgets ( word formed from the merger of Windows + gadget that indicates a class of mini-applications, each of which made for a single purpose. Most of the widgets are displayed on the screen on the desktop but can also be in the form of widgets that extend the capabilities of software. Es: meteoreologiche to see the conditions of your location is no longer 'need to navigate the site because all weather that is needed is already visible on the desktop. There are also widgets earnest little toys like Sudoku or those that indicate how far the mouse has traveled a working day).
.. Dashboard is an application developed by Apple Mac Oc, which allows after pressing a button to access a series of small applications, fun and functional, called widgets. Widgets can be for example your address book and iTunes, respectively, through which you can access your contacts and music, without having to go to the full application.

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Modernism

The quest for beauty has always brought people to a thorough study of what the look would give it to them in practical terms. Going by
order to understand how we can what is beautiful and that is a pure intuition of the human eye in front of an aesthetic formalism that responds structurally to the artistic demands often personal.
A beauty so subjective that relies on the formal expression of a pure intuition. Purity
behind the objectivity of a work studied; just because pure, this work should be complete in all its parts as it can be judged.
rating that has non-trivial cases such as the completeness and purity guess.
would not be that if the work was not done. Just because "an aesthetic evaluation can take place when the human mind perceives a sequence of elements, such as a sequence of notes in the case of a musical composition, colors in the case of painting, or spaces in the case of architecture" ( JF Herbart). It must be said that a review of any kind it is, can not reveal Himself in a state of absolute indifference, objectivity in the face of that work which is to analysis, in order to maintain a balance of mind that transcends of excitement and melancholy. But let

step back ... or better try to understand we live in that era ...

Until a few centuries ago, the benchmark for any architecture was the classic, the story, that the fixed point which served as a mediator between the theory and practice of architecture. In the last period face off in a completely different way these design aspects. The knot that holds together the architect at the architectural thinking is the social function that the work will be the first. This implies a design approach that puts first the problem of the generic form that responds to social needs. And the result of what it finds in modernity.

It 'important to understand what because it means that you will lose the value of the building as a formal one, as an entity isolated from the context. "In practical terms it is clearly impossible to create a specific building with the objective set an absolute goal, as each new unit will not only change the existing order, but also change, with its very presence, any future unity" (P. Eisenman)

I agree with Rowe when he declared that nothing more could happen in architecture after 1965, ie after the death of Le Corbusier. Rowe interprets it as the work of the Swiss was the culmination of the "most sophisticated modernist formalism. "

Nowadays we might very well make up for the Kantian thought that what is central to the idea of \u200b\u200bform is the process of understanding intended as a pure form of intuition or as a form of thought, namely as a process through the conceptual which are mediated the different forms of intuition. For Kant the concept of form does not refer to the phenomenology of the superficial things, but the process of formation of the representation of the objects of nature. As argued by Gasco, the idea of \u200b\u200bform is the process of synthesis, without which no sensible intuition, and no cognitive process may arise.

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5-6) STORE, ORGANIZE & MANAGE DATA: DW, data mart, OLAP and OLTP

A DATA WAREHOUSE is a collection of integrated, subject oriented, time variant and non-volatile support decision-making. (Bill Inmon) In
pills
* DW uses data from multiple databases,
* The DW ORIENTED TO SUBJECT . The data are organized by subject (or arguments) of the principal. (Eg Purchasing, Sales, Diagnosis). Each individual is represented abstractly as a ndimensionale cube (hypercube) . For any given subject there is a set of points (individual events) in an n-dimensional space. Each cell of the cube contains numerical measures that quantify the facts from different points of view. (Eg number of sales or total sales.) Each axis represents a spatial dimension analysis (which can consist of hierarchies of levels aggregation). A dimension can be any set of values, not numbers (eg Time, City, Product). Each point is then uniquely denoted by an n-tuple of dimensional values \u200b\u200b(coordinates). DW AND THE
* 'INTEGRATED UNIOCO. The data are the result of data extraction from the sources and organized by subject (or subjects) of the principal. Eg Sales, Purchases, etc. Diagnosis. Each subject then every single fact is uniquely denoted by an n-tuple of dimensional values \u200b\u200b(coordinates). * DATA
are not volatile and are dated (historical). The data warehouse can only grow with time. New data are entered in blocks are cut by appropriate sources of data. Eg data entry last month / quarter / year.
The set of data is therefore relatively static. There are no changes frequently (eg every hour)

Objectives:
- With a dw you can access all of the data, in a centralized DBMS
- Consistency and consolidation of data
- speed in accessing information
- Starting point for OLAP queries (set of techniques and software for interactive analysis of large amounts of data quickly. And 'the technological base of the DW. We can say that the main element of the architecture OLAP is the fact that DW contains data which when properly analyzed can provide important support to the decisions. OLTP systems (online transaction procession), primarily aimed at managing data online, provide data for the OLAP environment, we can say are a source of data. Between the two systems changes the type of user terminals, so users that perform read and write, for OLTP and OLAP for analysts).
OLAP tools are aimed at performance and achievement in the search query on a scale as large as possible. These are systems for data analysis. The OLTP systems are instead for data management. Can play a small amount Data on these and make a set of operations defined. Creating an OLAP database allows you to make a snapshot of information available in a certain time and then turn these items of information in multidimensional data. Performance of queries on structured data can get answers in a very short time compared with similar operations on other types of databases. One of the structures is the OLAP cube, multidimensional. The most famous is the cube that uses the schema "star" in the middle of this regular structure is formed a table listing the main elements on which the query will be built, and linked to this table the various tables of the "size" specifies how they will aggregate the data.
The life cycle of a DW from the definition of objectives and the necessary processing model, and then proceed with the design of abstractions, with subsequent refinement of the data needed, and finally comes to their integration into a single unit, the fact dw. The information contained in it are then categorized and divided into data marts that are released to end users. The term DataMart (literally store data) refers to a subset of the DW that contains the data extracted by sectoralisation dw and totalization. While
dw represents the entire information base executive of a company, the different data marts represent sections logic on it available to the various business areas. The data marts are undergoing a process of compaction in the light of sectoral objectives so as to be manageable and fast to use. A dw
can achieve important things: like the Drill-Down (allows you to add a dimension of analysis by disaggregating the data. It requires the formulation of a query), the Roll-Up (deletes a dimension of analysis, this can be done by adjusting the data of question), they Slice and Dice (select a subset of cube cells, obtained by slicing and cutting the cube itself.
A report is a call for specific formatted data. Reports can contain attributes and facts, filters to determine the amount of data used to generate reports and metrics to perform calculations on the facts.

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3) play with the DBMS.

For the first time I am faced with Northwind , many different definitions in his blog, "is a database containing the tables to be used as a test, easily erasable" or the more concise 'is the Word of the DB hello ".. ok ..
is a Northwind database (this is a set of data and objects, contains tables, queries, forms, reports, pages, macros and modules) and a project (an Access file is linked to a Microsoft SQL Server to create client applications / server) Access which contains data relating to sales of
a fictitious company called Northwind Traders, which imports and exports specialty foods around the world. From the view of objects in the Northwind database can be drawn inspiration to create custom databases for their own needs.
: To create a new DB operations were not too difficult, however, given the elementary exercise: building Access database with data about enrollment, registrations and registrations at the Sapienza University.
File -> new; DB -> empty; appointed by my name and then saved, and creates the table in Design view, create table with the wizard and creates the table with direct entry of data. I so drawn to Access a double entry table. Which is good to encode each element may
CS = code 1, 2 Stat code, code 3 Wis.
year 2207-2008 = code 1, code 2 2008-2009, 2009-2010 code 3.
.. the goal is to eliminate redundancy in order to analyze / edit data in a consistent way, in this case allows an analysis for both years and for faculty. With Northwind, you can create relationships between different data from the various tables, but it should be noted that the data "split" into different tables must be joined by a code (the relationship between Primary Key and Foreign Key. The relationship is between 1 to n the primary key and all the foreign keys). The normalization

Col Normalization is the process of organizing data in the database. You create tables, you define the relationships between them based on rules designed to protect data and make the database flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependencies.
The presence of redundant data results in a waste of disk space and maintenance problems of Db. If you must change the data in different tables, the change must always be in the same way. It is easier to make a change on the address / phone of a student if the students are all stored in the same table and with a certain mode.
It 'important to keep in mind what an "inconsistent dependency" because it certainly is intuitive for a user to look in the Students table to address a specific student, but can not make sense to look in that table information identifying the qualification the parents of that student. Such information is related to the student but will be placed in another table linked to the first by a code that the joints. But if you decide not to make a real normalization, please make sure that the application is able to prevent possible problems arising, such as redundant data and inconsistent dependencies.
The denormalization
From the speech made so far suggests that the quality of a Db is directly proportional to the distribution of data in the reports. The question, however, is more complex because the splitter data in reports following the task of reconstruction of the original information.
There is talk of denormalization, the operation that leads to merge attributes belonging to different relations in a single report to better performance on our investigation on the basis of data.
A case of denormalization occurs with the creation of attributes that contain data from other reports. This can be accomplished through the query : Question a database to obtain the data contained in one or more databases. Usually, a query is passed to the DBMS in SQL (Structured Query Language). And 'so the command being sent to the DBMS and requires a denormalized table!
If we consider our database with faculty and students, to know which option is written each time a student should have the power associated with tuples from the report particular student.
(A tuple is a generic element of a relationship with attributes in a relational database. It is the basic entity that must be stored in the database. Es: zoo = 'wolf', 'elephant', 'penguin'. The variable refers to a zoo tuple of elements (values)). An alternative solution would be to store the number directly in the report "students", increasing it each new year or less confirmed when your registration to which ones may. In this way access to such information would be immediate. But you know, everything has a cost! The denormalization increases the complexity of software that uses the database, because it will be directly responsible for updating the data, and therefore increase the risk of inconsistency of data stored.