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5-6) STORE, ORGANIZE & MANAGE DATA: DW, data mart, OLAP and OLTP

A DATA WAREHOUSE is a collection of integrated, subject oriented, time variant and non-volatile support decision-making. (Bill Inmon) In
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* DW uses data from multiple databases,
* The DW ORIENTED TO SUBJECT . The data are organized by subject (or arguments) of the principal. (Eg Purchasing, Sales, Diagnosis). Each individual is represented abstractly as a ndimensionale cube (hypercube) . For any given subject there is a set of points (individual events) in an n-dimensional space. Each cell of the cube contains numerical measures that quantify the facts from different points of view. (Eg number of sales or total sales.) Each axis represents a spatial dimension analysis (which can consist of hierarchies of levels aggregation). A dimension can be any set of values, not numbers (eg Time, City, Product). Each point is then uniquely denoted by an n-tuple of dimensional values \u200b\u200b(coordinates). DW AND THE
* 'INTEGRATED UNIOCO. The data are the result of data extraction from the sources and organized by subject (or subjects) of the principal. Eg Sales, Purchases, etc. Diagnosis. Each subject then every single fact is uniquely denoted by an n-tuple of dimensional values \u200b\u200b(coordinates). * DATA
are not volatile and are dated (historical). The data warehouse can only grow with time. New data are entered in blocks are cut by appropriate sources of data. Eg data entry last month / quarter / year.
The set of data is therefore relatively static. There are no changes frequently (eg every hour)

Objectives:
- With a dw you can access all of the data, in a centralized DBMS
- Consistency and consolidation of data
- speed in accessing information
- Starting point for OLAP queries (set of techniques and software for interactive analysis of large amounts of data quickly. And 'the technological base of the DW. We can say that the main element of the architecture OLAP is the fact that DW contains data which when properly analyzed can provide important support to the decisions. OLTP systems (online transaction procession), primarily aimed at managing data online, provide data for the OLAP environment, we can say are a source of data. Between the two systems changes the type of user terminals, so users that perform read and write, for OLTP and OLAP for analysts).
OLAP tools are aimed at performance and achievement in the search query on a scale as large as possible. These are systems for data analysis. The OLTP systems are instead for data management. Can play a small amount Data on these and make a set of operations defined. Creating an OLAP database allows you to make a snapshot of information available in a certain time and then turn these items of information in multidimensional data. Performance of queries on structured data can get answers in a very short time compared with similar operations on other types of databases. One of the structures is the OLAP cube, multidimensional. The most famous is the cube that uses the schema "star" in the middle of this regular structure is formed a table listing the main elements on which the query will be built, and linked to this table the various tables of the "size" specifies how they will aggregate the data.
The life cycle of a DW from the definition of objectives and the necessary processing model, and then proceed with the design of abstractions, with subsequent refinement of the data needed, and finally comes to their integration into a single unit, the fact dw. The information contained in it are then categorized and divided into data marts that are released to end users. The term DataMart (literally store data) refers to a subset of the DW that contains the data extracted by sectoralisation dw and totalization. While
dw represents the entire information base executive of a company, the different data marts represent sections logic on it available to the various business areas. The data marts are undergoing a process of compaction in the light of sectoral objectives so as to be manageable and fast to use. A dw
can achieve important things: like the Drill-Down (allows you to add a dimension of analysis by disaggregating the data. It requires the formulation of a query), the Roll-Up (deletes a dimension of analysis, this can be done by adjusting the data of question), they Slice and Dice (select a subset of cube cells, obtained by slicing and cutting the cube itself.
A report is a call for specific formatted data. Reports can contain attributes and facts, filters to determine the amount of data used to generate reports and metrics to perform calculations on the facts.

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3) play with the DBMS.

For the first time I am faced with Northwind , many different definitions in his blog, "is a database containing the tables to be used as a test, easily erasable" or the more concise 'is the Word of the DB hello ".. ok ..
is a Northwind database (this is a set of data and objects, contains tables, queries, forms, reports, pages, macros and modules) and a project (an Access file is linked to a Microsoft SQL Server to create client applications / server) Access which contains data relating to sales of
a fictitious company called Northwind Traders, which imports and exports specialty foods around the world. From the view of objects in the Northwind database can be drawn inspiration to create custom databases for their own needs.
: To create a new DB operations were not too difficult, however, given the elementary exercise: building Access database with data about enrollment, registrations and registrations at the Sapienza University.
File -> new; DB -> empty; appointed by my name and then saved, and creates the table in Design view, create table with the wizard and creates the table with direct entry of data. I so drawn to Access a double entry table. Which is good to encode each element may
CS = code 1, 2 Stat code, code 3 Wis.
year 2207-2008 = code 1, code 2 2008-2009, 2009-2010 code 3.
.. the goal is to eliminate redundancy in order to analyze / edit data in a consistent way, in this case allows an analysis for both years and for faculty. With Northwind, you can create relationships between different data from the various tables, but it should be noted that the data "split" into different tables must be joined by a code (the relationship between Primary Key and Foreign Key. The relationship is between 1 to n the primary key and all the foreign keys). The normalization

Col Normalization is the process of organizing data in the database. You create tables, you define the relationships between them based on rules designed to protect data and make the database flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependencies.
The presence of redundant data results in a waste of disk space and maintenance problems of Db. If you must change the data in different tables, the change must always be in the same way. It is easier to make a change on the address / phone of a student if the students are all stored in the same table and with a certain mode.
It 'important to keep in mind what an "inconsistent dependency" because it certainly is intuitive for a user to look in the Students table to address a specific student, but can not make sense to look in that table information identifying the qualification the parents of that student. Such information is related to the student but will be placed in another table linked to the first by a code that the joints. But if you decide not to make a real normalization, please make sure that the application is able to prevent possible problems arising, such as redundant data and inconsistent dependencies.
The denormalization
From the speech made so far suggests that the quality of a Db is directly proportional to the distribution of data in the reports. The question, however, is more complex because the splitter data in reports following the task of reconstruction of the original information.
There is talk of denormalization, the operation that leads to merge attributes belonging to different relations in a single report to better performance on our investigation on the basis of data.
A case of denormalization occurs with the creation of attributes that contain data from other reports. This can be accomplished through the query : Question a database to obtain the data contained in one or more databases. Usually, a query is passed to the DBMS in SQL (Structured Query Language). And 'so the command being sent to the DBMS and requires a denormalized table!
If we consider our database with faculty and students, to know which option is written each time a student should have the power associated with tuples from the report particular student.
(A tuple is a generic element of a relationship with attributes in a relational database. It is the basic entity that must be stored in the database. Es: zoo = 'wolf', 'elephant', 'penguin'. The variable refers to a zoo tuple of elements (values)). An alternative solution would be to store the number directly in the report "students", increasing it each new year or less confirmed when your registration to which ones may. In this way access to such information would be immediate. But you know, everything has a cost! The denormalization increases the complexity of software that uses the database, because it will be directly responsible for updating the data, and therefore increase the risk of inconsistency of data stored.

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2) Spreadsheet Vs DBMS! Open Source vs. Proprietary Software!

part of the application software of a category that has become one of the most successful Spreadsheet . These are used for applications in many areas of economic, financial, scientific, engineering. As often happens in computing, they are called in different ways spreadsheets, spreadsheet, worksheet.
We can define the spreadsheet as the extension of a pocket calculator but with tools and commands great power and flexibility. When you start a spreadsheet is presented to us in front of a table characterized by rows and columns in which you can enter data and perform calculations. If I think of a spreadsheet I can think of a notebook with squares in each square you can enter a number, letter or part of a formula. The number of rows and columns is very high (65,536 rows and 256 columns), so you can create works of considerable size. Examples of
Spreadshhet: Microsoft Excel; Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3. The
Database Management System (DBMS) is instead a software system designed to enable the efficient creation and manipulation of databases, usually by multiple users. And 'the control system of a data set. The DBMS play a key role in many computer applications ranging from accounting to human resources management and finance to technical contexts such as network management or telephony. In the past
DBMS were broadcast mainly in large companies and institutions, as these were the only ones who could afford the purchase of large hardware infrastructure necessary to build a database system efficiently, today their use has spread almost everywhere.
A DBMS is a set of very complex software programs that monitor: - the organization, storage and retrieval of data in a database;
- control the security and integrity of the database;
- accept requests for data by the application program and train the operating system to transfer the appropriate data.
Examples of DBMS: Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Access (always of the Office package). We
sottoilineare Another important distinction between the proprietary products and Opensource products. The term Proprietary Software going to show all the software that the restrictions imposed by the owner of the software for the note about the use, modification, reproduction or redistribution. These restrictions are obtained through legal or technical means.
* Technical means: it makes public only the binary code of the software but you do not provide the source code, which is considered a trade secret. Thus the modification of the software is very difficult and you can have if you have access to high computer skills.
* Legal means: licenses, copyrights and patents.
Examples of proprietary software: Microsoft Office, RealPlayer, WinZip.
Turning to Open Source (English word, open source) .. This term refers to a software whose authors or copyright holders, allow and encourage the study and free to modify it by third parties the software in question. But open source does not just mean access to the source code of a program because of a software license, must meet the following criteria:
- free distribution, without discrimination of any kind to persons / groups;
- provide the source code source;
- the rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed;
- the license must not place restrictions on other software distributed with the licensed software ..
Examples of open source software: MySQL (database), Sun Microsystems, IBM.

are two distinct business approaches, one is not "better": the Open Source sells the service (the product is free and the business consulting company), the Product Owner sells the product (advice is free).

to talk through some numbers to reference the article on "fall" of the inscriptions at the University La Sapienza, place the following tables in respect of entries and registrations that are had the year 2007-2008 to the current year in the Faculty of Communication Sciences, in one of Statistics and the situation of Wisdom as a whole, taking into account all the universities:

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so dedicated to a person

Sometimes you just need a second and sometimes a lifetime to understand who you are facing.
sometimes live with illusions and just when we discover what this mirror is broken but we should see some time ..

It seems that sometimes the world revolves around us and at one point everything was becoming just a memory with the world ...
Sometimes we wake up and realize that we live in a world that we never would have expected.

We can be strong, capable, smart or good magicians, but we will never
to cheat our fate
because it is he who is smarter than us.
not others.

... sometimes just a small gesture to discover that deep a smile can change your day ...
... the touch of a child, a hug and other small gestures with their delicacy we transmit strong emotions.

Sometimes we fall asleep we were so calm that morning again.
Other times we are afraid to wake up.
everything is not always as it seems.
The important thing is knowing that every day we grow
and this is the greatest gift that we are allowed.
Only then can we understand how beautiful and great simplicity.